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eBooks (e-Books, Electronic Books or Digital Books)

An electronic book (also e-book, ebook, digital book) is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, and produced on, published through, and readable on computers or other electronic devices.[1] Sometimes the equivalent of a conventional printed book, e-books can also be born digital. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book as "an electronic version of a printed book,"[2] but e-books can and do exist without any printed equivalent. E-books are usually read on dedicated hardware devices known as e-Readers or e-book devices. Personal computers and some cell phones can also be used to read e-books.

History

Among the earliest general e-books were those in Project Gutenberg, in 1971. One early e-book implementation was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the Dynabook, in the 1970s at PARC: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.[3]

Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques and other subjects.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the general availability of the Internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.

Numerous e-book formats, view comparison of e-book formats, emerged and proliferated, some supported by major software companies such as Adobe with its PDF format, and others supported by independent and open-source programmers. Multiple readers followed multiple formats, most of them specializing in only one format, and thereby fragmenting the e-book market even more. Due to exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independents and specialty authors lacked consensus regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books. In 2010 e-books continued to gain in their own underground markets. Many e-book publishers began distributing books that were in the public domain. At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books became available over the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public. [4]

U.S. Libraries began providing free e-books to the public in 1998 through their web sites and associated services,[5] although the e-books were primarily scholarly, technical or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In 2003, libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the public, launching an e-book lending model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.[6] The number of library e-book distributors and lending models continued to increase over the next few years. In 2010, a Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study[7] found that 66% of public libraries in the U.S. were offering e-books,[8] and a large movement in the library industry began seriously examining the issues related to lending e-books, acknowledging a tipping point of broad e-book usage.[9]

As of 2009, new marketing models for e-books were being developed and dedicated reading hardware was produced. E-books (as opposed to ebook readers) have yet to achieve global distribution. In the United States, as of September 2009, the Amazon Kindle model and Sony's PRS-500 were the dominant e-reading devices.[10] By March 2010, some reported that the Barnes & Noble Nook may be selling more units than the Kindle.[11]

On January 27, 2010 Apple Inc. launched a multi-function device called the iPad[12] and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers that would allow Apple to distribute e-books.[13] The iPad includes a built-in app for e-books called iBooks and the iBooks Store. However, many publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of electronic publishing, citing issues with demand, piracy and proprietary devices.[14]

In July 2010, online bookseller Amazon.com reported sales of ebooks for its proprietary Kindle outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during the second quarter of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no digital edition.[15] By January 2011, ebook sales at Amazon had surpassed its paperback sales.[16] In the overall U.S. market, paperback book sales are still much larger than either hardcover or e-book; the American Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of sales as of mid-2010.[17] In Canada, the option of ebook publishing took a higher profile when the novel, The Sentimentalists, won the prestigious national Giller Prize. Owing to the small scale of the novel's independent publisher, the book was initially not widely available in printed form, but the ebook edition had no such problems with it becoming the top-selling title for Kobo devices.[18]

Timeline

1971

 Michael S. Hart launches Project Gutenberg.

1985–1992

 Robert Stein starts Voyager Company Expanded Books and books on CD-ROM.

1992

 Charles Stack's Book Stacks Unlimited begins selling new physical books online.

1993

 Zahur Klemath Zapata develops the first[citation needed] software to read digital books. Digital book version 1 and the first digital book is published On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts (Thomas de Quincey).

 Digital Book, Inc. offers the first 50 digital books in floppy disk with Digital Book Format (DBF).

 Hugo Award for Best Novel nominee texts published on CD-ROM by Brad Templeton.

 Bibliobytes, a project of free digital books online in Internet.

1995

 Amazon starts to sell physical books on the Internet.

 Online poet Alexis Kirke discusses the need for wireless internet electronic paper readers in his article "The Emuse".

1996

 Project Gutenberg reaches 1,000 titles. The target is 1,000,000.

1998

 Kim Blagg obtained the first ISBN issued to an ebook and began marketing multimedia-enhanced ebooks on CDs through retailers including amazon.com, bn.com and borders.com. Shortly thereafter through her company "Books OnScreen" she introduced the ebooks at the Book Expo America in Chicago, IL to an impressed, but unconvinced bookseller audience.

 First ebook Readers: Rocket ebook and SoftBook.

 Cybook / Cybook Gen1 Sold and manufactured at first by Cytale (1998–2003) then by Bookeen.

 Websites selling ebooks in English, like eReader.com and eReads.com.

1999

 Baen Books opens up the Baen Free Library.

 Webscriptions starts selling unencrypted eBooks.

2000

 Microsoft Reader with ClearType technology.

 Stephen King offers his book "Riding the Bullet" in digital file; it can only be read on a computer.

2001

 Todoebook.com, the first website selling ebooks in Spanish.

2002

 Random House and HarperCollins start to sell digital versions of their titles in English.

2004

 Sony Librie with e-ink.

2005

 Amazon buys Mobipocket.

2006

 Sony Reader with e-ink.

 LibreDigital launched BookBrowse as an online reader for publisher content.

 BooksOnBoard, one of the largest independent ebookstores, opens and sells ebooks and audiobooks in six different formats.

2007

 Amazon launches Kindle in US.

 Bookeen launched Cybook Gen3 in Europe.

2008

 Adobe and Sony agreed to share their technologies (Reader and DRM).

 Sony sells the Sony Reader PRS-505 in UK and France.

 BooksOnBoard is first to sell ebooks for iPhones.

2009

 Bookeen releases the Cybook Opus in the US and in Europe.

 Sony releases the Reader Pocket Edition and Reader Touch Edition.

 Amazon releases the Kindle 2.

 Amazon releases the Kindle DX in the US.

 Barnes & Noble releases the Nook in the US.

2010

 Amazon releases the Kindle DX International Edition worldwide.

 Bookeen reveals the Cybook Orizon at CES.[19]

 TurboSquid Magazine announces first magazine publication using Apple's iTunes LP format, however, this project was cancelled before it reached the market.

 Apple releases the iPad with an e-book app called iBooks. Between its release in April 2010, to October, Apple had sold 7 million iPads.

 Kobo Inc. releases its Kobo eReader to be sold at Indigo/Chapters in Canada and Borders in the United States.

 Amazon.com reported that its e-book sales outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during the second quarter of 2010.[15]

 Amazon releases the third generation kindle, available in 3G+Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi versions.

 Kobo Inc. releases an updated Kobo eReader which now includes Wi-Fi.

 Barnes & Noble releases the new NOOKcolor.

 Sony releases its second generation Daily Edition PRS-950.

 PocketBook expands its successful line of e-readers in the ever-growing market.

 Google launches Google eBooks

2011

 Barnes & Noble releases the new Nook - The Simple Touch Reader [20]

 Amazon.com announces in May that its e-book sales now exceed all of its printed book sales.[21]

Formats

Comparison of e-book formats

There are a variety of e-book formats used to create and publish e-books. A writer or publisher has many options when it comes to choosing a format for production. Every format has its proponents and champions, and debates over which format is best can become intense.

Comparison to printed books

Advantages

There are over 2 million free books available for download as of August 2009.[22] Mobile availability of e-books may be provided for users with a mobile data connection, so that these e-books need not be stored on the device. An e-book can be offered indefinitely, without ever going "out of print". In the space that a comparably sized print book takes up, an e-reader can potentially contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. If space is at a premium, such as in a backpack or at home, it can be an advantage that an e-book collection takes up little room and weight.

E-book websites can include the ability to translate books into many different languages, making the works available to speakers of languages not covered by printed translations. Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable in low light or even total darkness. Many newer readers have the ability to display motion, enlarge or change fonts,[23] use Text-to-speech software to read the text aloud for visually impaired, partially sighted, elderly or dyslectic people, search for key terms, find definitions, or allow highlighting bookmarking and annotation. Devices that utilize E Ink can imitate the look and ease of readability of a printed work while consuming very little power, allowing continuous reading for weeks at time.

While an e-book reader costs much more than one book, the electronic texts are at times cheaper. Moreover, a great share of e-books are available online for free, minus the minimal costs of the electronics required. For example, all fiction from before the year 1900 is in the public domain. Also, libraries lend more current e-book titles for limited times, free samples are available of many publications, and there are other lending models being piloted as well. E-books can be printed for less than the price of traditional new books using new on-demand book printers.

An e-book can be purchased/borrowed, downloaded, and used immediately, whereas when one buys or borrows a book, one must go to a bookshop, a home library, or public library during limited hours, or wait for a delivery. The production of e-books does not consume paper and ink. The necessary computer or e-reader uses less materials. Printed books use 3 times more raw materials and 78 times more water to produce albeit they do not require a machine for use (out of context[24] )[25] Depending on possible digital rights management, e-books can be backed up to recover them in the case of loss or damage and it may be possible to recover a new copy without cost from the distributor. Compared to printed publishing, it is cheaper and easier for authors to self-publish e-books. Also, the dispersal of a free e-book copy can stimulate the sales of the printed version.[26]

Drawbacks

Ebook formats and file types continue to develop and change through time through advances and developments in technology or the introduction of new proprietary formats. While printed books remain readable for many years, e-books may need to be copied or converted to a new carrier or file type over time. PDF and epub are growing standards, but are not universal.

Not all books are available as e-books. Paper books can be bought and wrapped for a present and a library of books can provide visual appeal, while the digital nature of e-books makes them non-visible or tangible. E-books cannot provide the physical feel of the cover, paper, and binding of the original printed work. An author who publishes a book often puts more into the work than simply the words on the pages. E-books may cause people "to do the grazing and quick reading that screens enable, rather than be by themselves with the author's ideas".[27] They may use the e-books simply for reference purposes rather than reading for pleasure and leisure.[28] Books with large pictures (such as children's books) or diagrams are more inconvenient for viewing and reading.

A book will never turn off and would be unusable only if damaged or after many decades. The shelf life of a printed book exceeds that of an e-book reader, as over time the reader's battery will drain and require recharging. Additionally, "As in the case of microfilm, there is no guarantee that [electronic] copies will last. Bits become degraded over time. Documents may get lost in cyberspace...Hardware and software become extinct at a distressing rate." [29] E-book readers are more susceptible to damage from being dropped or hit than a print book. Due to faults in hardware or software, e-book readers may malfunction and data loss can occur. As with any piece of technology, the reader must be protected from the elements (such as extreme cold, heat, water, etc.), while print books are not susceptible to damage from electromagnetic pulses, surges, impacts, or extreme temperatures.

The cost of an e-book reader far exceeds that of a single book, and e-books often cost the same as their print versions. Due to the high cost of the initial investment in some form of e-reader, e-books are cost prohibitive to much of the world's population. Furthermore, there is no used e-book market, so consumers will neither be able to recoup some of their costs by selling an unwanted title they have finished, nor will they be able to buy used copies at significant discounts, as they can now easily do with printed books. Because of the high-tech appeal of the e-reader, they are a greater target for theft than an individual print book. Along with the theft of the physical device, any e-books it contains also become stolen. E-books purchased from vendors like Amazon or Barnes & Noble.com are stored "in the cloud" on servers and "digital lockers" and have the benefit of being easily retrieved if an e-reading device is lost. Not all e-booksellers are cloud based; if an e-book is stolen, accidentally lost, or deleted, in the absence of a backup it may have to be repurchased.

The display resolutions of reading devices are currently lower than those of printed materials.[30] Because of proprietary formats or lack of file support, formatted e-books may be unusable on certain readers. Additionally, the reader's interaction with the reader may cause discomfort, for example glare on the screen or difficulty holding the device. Due to digital rights management, customers typically cannot resell or loan their e-books to other readers.[31] However, some Barnes & Noble e-books are lendable for two weeks via their 'LendMe' technology.[32] Additionally, the potential for piracy of e-books may make publishers and authors reluctant to distribute digitally.[33] E-book readers require various toxic substances to produce, are non-biodegradable, and the disposal of their batteries in particular raises environmental concerns. As technologies rapidly change and old devices become obsolete, there will be larger amounts of toxic wastes that are not easily biodegradable like paper. Paper products are easily sustainable and reusable, unlike many rare earth minerals that are used up in electronic devices.

A rare or fine book can be an art object with a high monetary value. One can invest in first editions and out of print books. Some books will have a very high resale value. Real paper books can be used to decorate a home or office. Some finely bound, limited edition books can be considered very beautiful. Very old books often have great historical importance, and are one of a kind. Archives can easily store old paper books and documents, unlike e-books.

E-books and software can easily track data, times, usage, pages, and details about what one is reading and how often. Similar to this is the growing amount of data available through Google search engines, Facebook, and through data mining. For the first time in history it is now far easier to track and record what specific people might be reading. The notions of privacy, private writing, solitude, and personal reading are changing.

Digital rights management

Anti-circumvention techniques may be used to restrict what the user may do with an e-book. For instance, it may not be possible to transfer ownership of an e-book to another person, though such a transaction is common with physical books. Some devices can phone home to track readers and reading habits, restrict printing, or arbitrarily modify reading material. This includes restricting the copying and distribution of works in the public domain through the use of "click-wrap" licensing, effectively limiting the rights of the public to distribute, sell or use texts in the public domain freely.

Most e-book publishers do not warn their customers about the possible implications of the digital rights management tied to their products. Generally they claim that digital rights management is meant to prevent copying of the e-book. However in many cases it is also possible that digital rights management will result in the complete denial of access by the purchaser to the e-book.[34] With some formats of DRM, the e-book is tied to a specific computer or device. In these cases the DRM will usually let the purchaser move the book a limited number of times after which he cannot use it on any additional devices. If the purchaser upgrades or replaces their devices eventually they may lose access to their purchase. Some forms of digital rights management depend on the existence of online services to authenticate the purchasers. When the company that provides the service goes out of business or decides to stop providing the service, the purchaser will no longer be able to access the e-book.

As with digital rights management in other media, e-books are more like rental or leasing than purchase. The restricted book comes with a number of restrictions, and eventually access to the purchase can be removed by a number of different parties involved. These include the publisher of the book, the provider of the DRM scheme, and the publisher of the reader software. These are all things that are significantly different from the realm of experiences anyone has had with a physical copy of the book.

See also: Digital rights management#E-books

Production

Some e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in electronic publishing, though in many instances they may not be put on sale until later. Often, e-books are produced from pre-existing hard-copy books, generally by document scanning, sometimes with the use of robotic book scanners, having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which may additionally be converted into text format by an OCR program.[35] Occasionally, as in some e-text projects, a book may be produced by re-entering the text from a keyboard.

As a newer development, sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is even possible to release an e-book chapter by chapter as each chapter is written. This is useful in fields such as information technology where topics can change quickly in the months that it takes to write a typical book (See: Realtime Publishers). It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book by print on demand. However these are exceptions as tradition dictates that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes an electronic version is produced.

As of 2010, there is no industry-wide e-book bestseller list, but various e-book vendors compile bestseller lists, such as those by Amazon Kindle Bestsellers[36] and Fictionwise.[37] Two yearly awards for excellence in e-books are the EPIC eBook Award[38] (formerly EPPIE) given by EPIC, and the Dream Realm Award[39] for science fiction, fantasy and horror e-books. Both awards have been given since 2000.

e-Readers

For more details on e-book readers, see Comparison of e-book readers.

e-Readers may be specifically designed for that purpose, or intended for other purposes as well. The term is restricted to hardware devices and used to describe a category type.

Specialized devices have the advantage of doing one thing well. Specifically, they tend to have the right screen size, battery lifespan, lighting and weight. A disadvantage of such devices is that they are often expensive when compared to multi-purpose devices such as laptops and PDAs.

In 2010, competition sent the price for the most popular electronic reading devices below USD 200.[40]

Research released in March 2011 indicated that e-books and e-book readers are actually more popular with the older generation than the younger generation in the UK. The survey carried out by Silver Poll found that around 6% of over 55s owned an e-book reader compared with just 5% of 18-24 year olds. [41]

The survey also revealed that the Amazon Kindle is the most popular e-book reader in the UK (47%) followed by the Apple iPad (31%) and the Sony Reader (14%). According to an IDC study from March 2011, sales for all e-book readers worldwide gained to 12.8 millions in 2010; 48% of them were kindle models, followed by Barnes & Noble Nook devices, Pandigital, Hanvon and Sony Readers (about 800,000 units for 2010).[42]

It has been reported that there is a differing level of dissatisfaction amongst owners of different ebook readers due to poor availability of sought after ebook titles. A survey of the number of contemporary and popular titles available from ebook store, revealed that Amazon.com has the largest collection, over twice as large as Barnes and Noble, Sony Reader Store, Apple iBookstore and OverDrive, the public libraries lending system. [43]

eReader applications

Some of the major book retailers have free eReader applications for the PC and Mac desktops as well as iPad, iPhone, Android, and Blackberry devices to allow reading eBooks without their respective devices - Amazon Kindle, Borders Kobo, and Barnes & Noble Nook.

Market Shares

Quantity Market Shares of e-book sales in US by Goldman Sachs at 2010 [44]

 Sellers   Percent

 Amazon  58.0%

 Barnes & Noble  27.0%

 Apple   9.0%

 Others   6.0%

See also

 Comparison of e-book formats

 Comparison of e-book readers

 Accessible publishing

 Blook

 Digital edition

 Digital library

 Electronic paper

 Electronic publishing

 Flexible electronics

 List of digital library projects

 Memory hole

 Networked book

 Online book

 Project Gutenberg

 Tablet computer

 Web fiction

 Ebook awards

Notes

1. ^ Gardiner, Eileen and Ronald G. Musto. “The Electronic Book.” In Suarez, Michael Felix, and H. R. Woudhuysen. The Oxford Companion to the Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 164.

2. ^ "e-book". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. (accessed September 02, 2010).

3. ^ Personal Dynamic Media – By Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg

4. ^ eBooks: la guerra digital global por el dominio del libro – By Chimo Soler (Historian)

5. ^ Doris Small. "E-books in libraries: some early experiences and reactions." Searcher 8.9 (2000): 63-5. http://www.highb eam.com/doc/1G 1-66217098.html

6. ^ Genco, Barbara. ”It’s been Geometric! Documenting the Growth and Acceptance of eBooks in America’s Urban Public Libraries.” IFLA Conference, July 2009.

7. ^ http://www.ala.or g/ala/research/ini tiatives/plftas/200 9_2010/index.cfm

8. ^ 66% of Public Libraries in US offering eBooks

9. ^ "At the Tipping Point: Four voices probe the top ebook issues for librarians." Library Journal, August 2010

10. ^ Bookeen Cybook OPUS | ZDNet UK

11. ^ Nook outnumbers Kindle in March, says Digitimes Research

12. ^ Apple - iPad - See the web, email, and photos like never before

13. ^ Apple Launches iPad

14. ^ "J.K. Rowling refuses e-books for Potter". USA Today. 2005-06-14.

15. ^ a b "E-Books Top Hardcovers at Amazon". New York Times. 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-19.

16. ^ http://phx.corpora te-ir.net/phoenix.zht ml?c=176060&p= irol-newsArticle&ID= 1521090&highligh t&ref=tsm_1_tw_ kin_prearn_20110 127

17. ^ Lynn Neary, Don Gonyea (2010-07-27). "Conflict Widens In E-Books Publishing". NPR. Retrieved 2010-07-27.

18. ^ "Scarcity of Giller-winning ‘Sentimentalists’ a boon to eBook sales". Toronto Star, November 12, 2010.

19. ^ Bookeen debuts Orizon touchscreen e-book reader - Engadget

20. ^ "The Simple Touch Reader". LJ Interactive 24th May 2011.

21. ^ http://www.bloom berg.com/news/2 011-05-19/amazon-com-says-kindle-electronic-book-sales-surpass-printed-format.html

22. ^ 2 million free eBooks

23. ^ Harris, Christopher. "The Truth About Ebooks." School Library Journal 55, no. 6 (2009): 18. Wilson Select Plus. Online Database

24. ^ How Green Is My iPad - The New York Times

25. ^ Siegel, Lucy, "Should we switch to reading books online?", The Observer Magazine, 30 August 2009.

26. ^ "Giving It Away". Forbes.

27. ^ Abel, David. "Welcome to the library. Say goodbye to the books. The Boston Globe, 4 Sept. 2009.

28. ^ Noorhidawat, A and Gibb, Forbes. "How Students Use E-books-Reading or Referring?" Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science 13, no. 2 (2009): 1-14 Wilson Select Plus. Online Database.

29. ^ Darnton, Robert. "The Library in the New Age." 55, no. 10 (2008).

30. ^ For instance the screen resolution of Amazon Kindle is 167 ppi versus 600–2400 dpi for a typical laser printer. But printed books are usually 300 dpi with a trame around 133 to 150 lpi... .

31. ^ Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader Locked Up: Why Your Books Are No Longer Yours

32. ^ How to loan ebooks on the nook with LendMe service | ZDNet

33. ^ Print Books Are Target of Pirates on the Web

34. ^ Case where Amazon remotely deleted titles from purchasers' devices

35. ^ The Book Standard is closed

36. ^ Amazon Kindle Bestsellers

37. ^ Fictionwise Bestseller eBooks

38. ^ EPIC eBook Awards

39. ^ Dream Realm Awards

40. ^ Stone, Brad (2010-06-21). "Amazon and Barnes & Noble Cut E-Reader Prices". The New York Times.

41. ^ "E-book popularity set to increase this year". Retrieved 4 March 2011.

42. ^ Nearly 18 Million Media Tablets Shipped in 2010 with Apple Capturing 83% Share; eReader Shipments Quadrupled to More Than 12 Million. Press release by IDC, 10. March 2011.

43. ^ King, Sammy. "Survey of Kindle, Nook, iPad, Sony and OverDrive eBook Store Collection Size". eBookReaderGui de.com. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

44. ^ http://www.bloom berg.com/news/2 011-03-22/barnes-noble-is-said-to-be-likely-to-end-search-for-buyer-without-a-sale.html

References

 Doctorow, Cory (February 12, 2004). Ebooks: Neither E, Nor Books, O'Reilly Emerging Technologies Conference

 James, Bradley (November 20, 2002). The Electronic Book: Looking Beyond the Physical Codex, SciNet

 Lynch, Clifford (May 28, 2001). The Battle to Define the Future of the Book in the Digital World, First Monday - Peer reviewed journal on the Internet

 Pastore, Michael (January 28, 2008). 30 Benefits of Ebooks, Epublishers Weekly

 Flint, Eric (2000). "Building the Baen Free Library". Retrieved 2007-07-19.

From: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria: An Encyclopaedic Guide (2011)

• You can read this eBook on your mobile phone, blackberry, Amazon Kindle, other PDAs (mobile devices), and your computer. It is available for immediate download on world-leading eBookstores including Amazon (Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk, etc).

• It is updated from time to time to reflect changes in the Law - simply re-download updated eBook free of charge.

• Paper edition is also available.

Product description as it appears on Amazon websites (US, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, France, etc):

Product Description

Rivers State was created out of the former Eastern Nigeria on 27 May 1967 by virtue of the States (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, and inherited Eastern Nigeria legislation in accordance with section 1(5) of the said Decree. Consequently, legislation applicable to Rivers State as at 27 May 1967 consisted of the Laws contained in The Revised Edition of The Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963 and those enacted between 1963 and 1967. Thereafter, Edicts were promulgated by the successive Military Governors of Rivers State between 1968 and 28 May 1999, interspersed with brief periods of democratic Government that enacted Laws.

The first and only revision of the Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria was published as The Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria 1999 containing legislation still in force at that time. It should be noted that by virtue of section 3 of the Revised Edition (Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria) Law 1991, there may be Laws which, although omitted in The Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria 1999, still have the force of law, just like those included in it. Unfortunately, there is an operational disconnect between the enactment of legislation and their publication in the official form either in the Official Gazette or in bound annual volumes as required by law. Consequently, it becomes a Herculean task to search for every piece of legislation which may be hidden in volumes of files containing signed copies or among thousands of copies of the Official Gazette littered in several locations! Herein lies one aspect of the indispensability of this book, the first edition of which was published in 1994. Without this book, even lawyers may not be aware of some of the existing Laws.

This eBook shall be updated from time to time (throughout a particular year) to reflect changing developments in the Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria. Therefore, readers should remember to check for updates and re-download the latest version from their account free of charge. New editions shall be published yearly in this eBook format. The Laws of the Federation of Nigeria eBook, Nigerian Constitution eBook, Nigerian Law of Evidence eBook (containing full text of the Nigerian Evidence Act 2011), and Nigerian Company Law eBook (containing full text of the Nigerian Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990 with all amendments) shall be available soon in general eBook format and Amazon Kindle eBook format. More resources on Nigerian law are available on the companion Nigerian Law Resources website (www.nigerianlawresources.com).

Table of Contents:

1. Updates and Editions Information

2. Comments on this Book

3. Abbreviations and Guide Notes

4. Acknowledgments

5. About the Author

6. Introduction

7. Part 1: Chronological Table of Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria (Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963 – 2011 Rivers State Laws)

8. Part 2: Alphabetical Table of Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria (Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963 – 2011 Rivers State Laws)

9. Part 3: Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria (Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963 – 1998 Rivers State Laws) with Notes

10. Part 4: Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria 1999 (Revised Statute Book) and Laws made thereafter (1999 - 2011) with Notes

11. Chapters of the Laws of Rivers State of Nigeria 1999

12. Appendices

The Author

The author, Leesi Ebenezer Mitee, holds a Master of Laws (LLM) degree of the University of Huddersfield (United Kingdom). He is a Barrister & Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, lecturer, and former Law Research Consultant to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on the Capacity Development for Social Reconciliation Project that provided the juridical foundation of the West Africa Moratorium on Small Arms (light weapons) in 1998. He became a Law Research Consultant to the Rivers State of Nigeria Government in 1994 based on his expertise in the Laws of Rivers State, as evidenced by the first edition of this book.

Product details

Format: Kindle Edition

File Size: 489 KB

Publisher: Worldwwide Business Resources, United Kingdom; 2 edition (24 Sep 2011)

Sold by: Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.

Language English

ASIN: B005O052TA

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Nigerian Constitution 1999 eBook (With All Amendments and Notes)

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CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA (PROMULGATION) DECREE 1999

1999 Decree No. 24

[5th May, 1999] Commencement

WHEREAS the Federal Military Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in compliance with the Transition to Civil Rule (Political Programme) Decree 1998 has, through the Independent National Electoral Commission, conducted elections to the office of President and Vice-President, Governors and Deputy-Governors, Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen, the National Assembly, the Houses of Assembly and the Local Government Councils;

AND WHEREAS the Federal Military Government in furtherance of its commitment to hand over to a democratically elected civilian administration on 29th May 1999 inaugurated on 11th November 1998, the Constitutional Debate Co-ordinating Committee charged with responsibility to, among other things, pilot the debate on the new Constitution for Nigeria, co-ordinate and collate views and recommendations canvassed by individuals and groups for a new Constitution for Nigeria;  

AND WHEREAS the Constitutional Debate Co-ordinating Committee benefited from the receipt of large volumes of memoranda from Nigerians at home and abroad and oral presentations at the public hearings at the debate centres throughout the country and the conclusions arrived thereat and also at various seminars, workshops and conferences organised and was convinced that the general consensus of opinion of Nigerians is the desire to retain the provisions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria with some amendments;

AND WHEREAS the Constitutional Debate Co-ordinating Committee has presented the report of its deliberations of the Provisional Ruling Council;

AND WHEREAS the Provisional Ruling Council has approved the report subject to such amendments as are deemed necessary in the public interest and for the purpose of promoting the security, welfare and good governance and fostering the unity and progress of the people of Nigeria with a view to achieving its objective of handing over an enduring Constitution to the people of Nigeria;

AND WHEREAS, it is necessary in accordance with the programme on transition to civil rule for the Constitution of the federal Republic of Nigeria 1979 after necessary amendments and approval by the Provisional Ruling Council to be promulgated into a new Constitution for the Federal Republic of Nigeria in order to give the same force of law with effect from 29th May 1999:

NOW THEREFORE, THE FEDERAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT hereby decrees as follows:-

Promulgation of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Schedule.

1.  (1) There shall be for Nigeria a Constitution which shall be as set out in the Schedule to this Decree.

(2) The Constitution set out in the Schedule to this Decree shall come into force on 29th May 1999.

(3) Whenever it may hereafter be necessary for the Constitution to be printed it shall be lawful for the Federal Government Printer to omit all parts of this Decree apart from the Schedule and the Constitution as so printed shall have the force of law notwithstanding the omission.

Citation

2. This Decree may be cited as the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Promulgation) Decree 1999.

SCHEDULE         section 1(1)

CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA 1999

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Section

CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Part I – Federal Republic of Nigeria

1. Supremacy of the Constitution.

2. The Federal Republic of Nigeria.

3. States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

Part II – Powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

4. Legislative powers.

5. Executive powers.

6. Judicial powers.

7. Local government system.

8. New States and boundary adjustment, etc.

9. Mode of altering provisions of the Constitution.

10. Prohibition of State Religion.

11. Public order and public security.

12. Implementation of treaties.

CHAPTER II

FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

13. Fundamental obligations of the Government.

14. The Government and the people.

15. Political objectives.

16. Economic objectives.

17. Social objectives.

18. Educational objectives.

19. Foreign policy objectives.

20. Environmental objectives.

21. Directive on Nigerian cultures.

22. Obligation of the mass media.

23. National ethics.

24. Duties of the citizen.

CHAPTER III

CITIZENSHIP

25. Citizenship by birth.

26. Citizenship by registration.

27. Citizenship by naturalisation.

28. Dual citizenship.

29. Renunciation of citizenship.

30. Deprivation of citizenship.

31. Persons deemed to be Nigerian citizens.

32. Power to make regulations.

CHAPTER IV

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

33. Right to life.

34. Right to dignity of human person.

35. Right to personal liberty.

36. Right to fair hearing.

37. Right to private and family life.

38. Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

39. Right to freedom of expression and the press.

40. Right to peaceful assembly and association.

41. Right to freedom of movement.

42. Right to freedom from discrimination.

43. Right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria.

44. Compulsory acquisition of property.

45. Restriction on and derogation from fundamental rights.

46. Special jurisdiction of High court and legal aid.

CHAPTER V

THE LEGISLATURE

Part I – National Assembly

A – Composition and staff of National Assembly

47. Establishment of the National Assembly.

48. Composition of the Senate.

49. Composition of the House of Representatives.

50. President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives.

51. Staff of the National Assembly.

B – Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of National Assembly

52. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oaths of members.

53. Presiding at sittings of the National Assembly and at joint sittings.

54. Quorum.

55. Languages.

56. Voting.

57. Unqualified person sitting or voting.

58. Mode of exercising federal legislative power: general.

59. Mode of exercising Federal legislative power: money bills.

60. Regulation of procedure.

61. Vacancy or participation of strangers not to invalidate proceedings.

62. Committees.

63. Sittings.

64. Dissolution and issue of proclamations by President.

C – Qualifications for Membership of National Assembly and Right of Attendance

65. Qualifications for election.

66. Disqualifications.

67. Right of attendance of President.

68. Tenure of seat of members.

69. Recall.

70. Remuneration.

D – Elections to National Assembly

71. Senatorial districts and Federal constituencies.

72. Size of Senatorial districts and Federal constituencies.

73. Periodical review of Senatorial districts and Federal constituencies.

74. Time when alteration of Senatorial districts or Federal constituencies takes effect.

75. Ascertainment of population.

76. Time of election to the National Assembly.

7.7. Direct election and franchise.

78. Supervision of election.

79. Power of the National Assembly as to determination of certain questions.

E – Powers and Control over Public Funds

80. Establishment of Consolidated Revenue Fund.

81. Authorisation of expenditure from Consolidated Revenue Fund.

82. Authorisation of expenditure in default of appropriations.

83. Contingencies Fund.

84. Remuneration, etc. of the President and certain other officers.

85. Audit of public accounts.

86. Appointment of Auditor-General.

87. Tenure of office of Auditor-General.

88. Power to conduct investigations.

89. Power as to matters of evidence.

Part II – House of Assembly of a State

A – Composition and Staff of House of Assembly

90. Establishment of House of Assembly for each State.

91. Composition of the House of Assembly.

92. Speaker of House of Assembly.

93. Staff of House of Assembly.

B – Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of House of Assembly

94. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oaths of members.

95. Presiding at sittings.

96. Quorum.

97. Languages.

98. Voting.

99. Unqualified person sitting or voting.

100. Mode of exercising legislative power of a State.

101. Regulation of procedure.

102. Vacancy or participation of strangers not to invalidate proceedings.

103. Committees.

104. Sittings.

105. Dissolution and issue of proclamation by Governor.

C – Qualification for Membership of House of Assembly and Right of Attendance

106. Qualifications for election.

107. Disqualifications.

108. Right of attendance of Governor.

109. Tenure of seat of members.

110. Recall.

111. Remuneration.

D – Elections to a House of Assembly

112. State constituencies.

113. Size of State constituencies.

114. Periodical review of State constituencies.

115. Time when alteration of State constituencies takes effect.

116. Time of elections to Houses of Assembly.

117. Direct election and franchise.

118. Supervision of election.

119. Power of National Assembly as to determination of certain questions.

E – Power and Control over Public funds

120. Establishment of Consolidated Revenue Fund.

121. Authorisation of expenditure from Consolidated Revenue Fund.

122. Authorisation of expenditure in default of appropriations.

123. Contingencies Fund.

124. Remuneration, etc., of the Governor and certain other officers.

125. Audit of public accounts.

126. Appointment of Auditor-General.

127. Tenure of office of Auditor-General.

128. Power to conduct investigations.

129. Power as to matters of evidence.

CHAPTER VI

THE EXECUTIVE

Part I – Federal Executive

A – The President of the Federation

130. Establishment of the office of President.

131. Qualification for election as President.

132. Election of the President: general.

133. Election: single Presidential candidate.

134. Election: two or more Presidential candidates.

135. Tenure of office of President.

136. Death, etc. of President-elect before oath of office.

137. Disqualifications.

138. President: disqualification from other jobs.

139. Determination of certain questions relating to election.

140. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oaths of President.

141. Establishment of office of Vice-President.

142. Nomination and election of Vice-President.

143. Removal of President from office.

144. Permanent incapacity of President or Vice-President.

145. Acting President during temporary absence of President.

146. Discharge of functions of President.

147. Ministers of Federal Government.

148. Executive responsibilities of Ministers.

149. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oaths of Ministers.

150. Attorney-General of the Federation.

151. Special Advisers.

152. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oath of Special Adviser.

B – Establishment of Certain Federal Executive Bodies

153. Federal Commissions and Councils, etc.

154. Appointment of Chairman and members.

155. Tenure of office of members.

156. Qualification for membership.

157. Removal of members.

158. Independence of certain bodies.

159. Quorum and decisions.

160. Powers and procedure.

161. Interpretation.

C – Public Revenue

162. Distributable pool account.

163. Allocation of other revenue.

164. Federal grants-in-aid of State revenue.

165. Cost of collection of certain duties.

166. Set-off.

167. Sums charged on Consolidated Revenue Fund.

168. Provisions with regard to payments.

D –  The Public Service of the Federation

169. Establishment of civil service of the Federation.

170. Federal Civil Service Commission: power to delegate functions.

171. Presidential appointments.

172. Code of Conduct.

173. Protection of pension rights.

174. Public prosecutions.

175. Prerogative of mercy.

Part II – State Executive

A – The Governor of a State

176. Establishment of the office of Governor.

177. Qualification for election as Governor.

178. Election of Governor: general.

179. Election: single candidate and two or more candidates.

180. Tenure of office of Governor.

181. Death, etc, of Governor-elect before oath of office.

182. Disqualifications.

183. Governor; disqualification from other jobs.

184. Determination of certain questions relating to elections.

185. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oaths of office of Governor.

186. Establishment of the office of Deputy Governor.

187. Nomination and election of Deputy Governor.

188. Removal of Governor or Deputy Governor from office.

189. Permanent incapacity of Governor or Deputy Governor.

190. Acting Governor during temporary absence of Governor.

191. Discharge of functions of Governor.

192. Commissioners of State Government.

193. Executive responsibilities of Deputy Governor and Commissioners.

194. Declaration of assets and liabilities; oaths of Commissioners.

195. Attorney-General of a State.

196. Special Advisers.

B – Establishment of Certain State Executive Bodies

197. State Commissions.

198. Appointment of Chairman and members.

199. Tenure of office of members.

200. Qualification for membership.

201. Removal of members.

202. Independence of certain bodies.

203. Quorum and decisions.

204. Powers and procedure.

205. Interpretation.

C – The Public Service of a State

206. Establishment of State civil service.

207. State Civil Service Commission: power of delegation.

208. Appointments by Governor.

209. Code of Conduct.

210. Protection of pension rights.

211. Public prosecutions.

212. Prerogative of mercy.

Part III – Supplemental

A – National Population Census

213. National population census.

B – Nigeria Police Force

214. Establishment of Nigeria Police Force.

215. Appointment of Inspector-General and control of Nigeria Police Force.

216. Delegation of powers to the Inspector-General of Police.

C – Armed Forces of the Federation

217. Establishment and composition of the armed forces of the Federation.

218. Command and operational use.

219. Establishment of body to ensure federal character of armed forces.

220. Compulsory military service.

D – Political Parties

221. Prohibition of political activities by certain associations.

222. Restriction on formation of political parties.

223. Constitution and rules of political parties.

224. Aims and objects.

225. Finances of political parties.

226. Annual report on finances.

227. Prohibition of quasi-military organisations.

228. Powers of the National Assembly with respect to political parties.

229. Interpretation.

CHAPTER VII

THE JUDICATURE

Part I – Federal Courts

A – The Supreme Court of Nigeria

230. Establishment of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.

231. Appointment of Chief Justice of Nigeria and Justices of the Supreme Court.

232. Original jurisdiction.

233. Appellate jurisdiction.

234. Constitution.

235. Finality of determinations.

236. Practice and procedure.

B – The Court of Appeal

237. Establishment of Court of Appeal.

238. Appointment of President and Justices of the Court of Appeal.

239. Original jurisdiction.

240. Appellate jurisdiction.

241. Appeals as of right from the Federal High Court or a High Court.

242. Appeals with leave.

243. Exercise of right of appeal from the Federal High Court or a High Court in civil and criminal matters.

244. Appeals from Sharia Court of Appeal.

245. Appeals from Customary Court of Appeal.

246. Appeals from Code of Conduct Tribunal and other courts and tribunals

247. Constitution.

248. Practice and procedure.

C – The Federal High Court

249. Establishment of the Federal High Court.

250. Appointment of Chief Judge and Judges of the Federal High Court.

251. Jurisdiction.

252. Powers.

253. Constitution.

254. Practice and procedure.

D – The High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja

255. Establishment of the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

256. Appointment of Chief Judge and Judges of High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

257. Jurisdiction.

258. Constitution.

259. Practice and procedure.

E – The Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja

260. Establishment of the Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

261. Appointment of Grand Kadi and Kadis of the Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory. Abuja.

262. Jurisdiction.

263. Constitution.

264. Practice and procedure.

F – The Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

265. Establishment of the Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

266. Appointment of President and Judges of the Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

267. Jurisdiction.

268. Constitution.

269. Practice and procedure

Part II – State Courts

A – High Court of a State

270. Establishment of a High Court for each State.

271. Appointment of Chief Judge and Judges of the High Court of a State.

272. Jurisdiction: general.

273. Constitution.

274. Practice and procedure.

B – Sharia Court of Appeal of a State

275. Establishment of Sharia Court of Appeal.

276. Appointment of Grand Kadi and Kadis of the Sharia Court of Appeal of a State.

277. Jurisdiction.

278. Constitution.

279. Practice and procedure.

C – Customary Court of Appeal of a State

280. Establishment of Customary Court of Appeal.

281. Appointment of President and Judges of the Customary Court of Appeal of a State.

282. Jurisdiction.

283. Constitution.

284. Practice and procedure.

Part III – Election Tribunals

285. Establishment and Jurisdiction of election tribunals.

Part IV – Supplemental

286. Jurisdiction of State courts in respect of Federal causes.

287. Enforcement of decisions.

288. Appointment of persons learned in Islamic personal law and Customary law.

289. Disqualification of certain legal practitioners.

290. Declaration of assets and liabilities: oaths of judicial officers.

291. Tenure of office and pension rights of judicial officers.

292. Removal of other judicial officers from office.

293. Vacancies.

294. Determination of causes and matters.

295. Reference of questions of law.

296. Interpretation.

CHAPTER VIII

FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA AND GENERAL SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Part I – Federal Capital Territory, Abuja

297. Federal Capital Territory. Abuja: ownership of lands.

298. Capital of the Federation.

299. Application of Constitution.

300. Representation, in the-National Assembly.

301. Adaptation of certain references.

302. Minister of Federal Capital Territory. Abuja.

303. Administration of the Federal Capital Territory. Abuja.

304. Establishment of the Judicial Service Committee of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

Part II – Miscellaneous Provisions

305. Procedure for proclamation of state of emergency.

306. Resignations.

307. Restriction certain citizens.

308. Restriction on legal proceedings.

Part III – Transitional Provisions and Savings

309. Citizenship.

310. Staff of legislative houses.

311. Standing Orders.

312. Special provisions in respect of first election.

313. System of revenue allocation.

314. Debts.

315. Existing law.

316. Existing offices, courts and authorities.

317. Succession to property, rights, liabilities and obligations.

Part IV – Interpretation, Citation and Commencement

318. Interpretation.

319. Citation.

320. Commencement.

SCHEDULES

First Schedule:

Part I – States of the Federation

Part II – Definition and Area Councils of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja

Second Schedule:

Part I – Exclusive Legislative List

Part II – Concurrent Legislative List

Part III – Supplemental and Interpretation

Third Schedule:

Part I – Federal Executive Bodies

Part II – State Executive Bodies

Part III – Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Executive Body

Fourth Schedule: Functions of a Local Government Council

Fifth Schedule:

Part I – Code of Conduct for Public Officers

Part II – Public Officers for the Purposes of the Code of Conduct

Sixth Schedule:  Election Tribunals

Seventh Schedule: Oaths

CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA 1999

WE THE PEOPLE of the Federal Republic of Nigeria:

HAVING firmly and solemnly resolved:

TO LIVE in unity and harmony as one indivisible and indissoluble Sovereign Nation under God dedicated to the promotion of inter-African solidarity, world peace, international co-operation and understanding:

AND TO PROVIDE for a Constitution for the purpose of promoting the good government and welfare of all persons in our country on the principles of Freedom, Equality and Justice, and for the purpose of consolidating the Unity of our people:

DO HEREBY MAKE, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES the following Constitution:

CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART I

Federal Republic of Nigeria

Supremacy of the Constitution

1. (1) This Constitution is supreme and its provisions shall have binding force on all authorities and persons throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

(2) The Federal Republic of Nigeria shall not be governed, nor shall any person or group of persons take control of the Government of Nigeria or any part thereof, except in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

(3) If any other law is inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution, this Constitution shall prevail, and that other law shall to the extent of the inconsistency be void.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria

2. (1) Nigeria is one indivisible and indissoluble Sovereign State to be known by the name of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

(2) Nigeria shall be a Federation consisting of States and a Federal Capital Territory.

States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja

3. (1) There shall be thirty-six States in Nigeria, that is to say, Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kabbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe and Zamfara.

Part I First Schedule

(2) Each State of Nigeria named in the first column of Part I of the First Schedule to this Constitution shall consist of the area shown opposite thereto in the second column of that Schedule.

Part I First Schedule

(3) The headquarters of the Government of each State shall be known as the Capital City of that State as shown in the third column of the said Part I of the First Schedule opposite the State named in the first column thereof.

Part II First Schedule

(4) The Federal Capital Territory, Abuja shall be as defined in Part II of the First Schedule to this Constitution.

(5) The provisions of this Constitution in Part I of Chapter VIII hereof shall, in relation to the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, have effect in the manner set out thereunder.

Part I and II First Schedule

(6) There shall be seven hundred and sixty-eight local government areas in Nigeria as shown in the second column of Part I of the First Schedule to this Constitution and six area councils as shown in Part II of that Schedule.

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NOTE: This Constitution has 320 Sections, all which shall be published in our forthcoming eBook.

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